佛学大辞典

'mental development' (lit. 'calling into existence, producing') is what in English is generally but rather vaguely called 'meditation'. One has to distinguish 2 kinds: development of tranquillity (samatha-bha^vana^), i.e. concentration (sama^dhi), and development of insight (vipassana^-bha^vana^), i.e. wisdom (pan~n~a^).
These two important terms, tranquillity and insight (s. samatha-vipassana^), are very often met with and explained in the Sutta, as well as in the Abhidhamma.
Tranquillity (samatha) is the concentrated, unshaken, peaceful, and therefore undefiled state of mind, whilst insight (vipassana^) is the intuitive insight into the impermanence, misery and impersonality (anicca, dukkha, anatta^; s. tilakkhana) of all bodily and mental phenomena of existence, included in the 5 groups of existence, namely, corporeality, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness; s. khandha.
Tranquillity, or concentration of mind, according to Sankhepavannana (Commentary to Abhidhammattha-sangaha), bestows a threefold blessing: favourable rebirth, present happy life, and purity of mind which is the condition of insight. Concentration (sama^dhi) is the indispensable foundation and precondition of insight by purifying the mind from the 5 mental defilements or hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.), whilst insight (vipassana^) produces the 4 supra mundane stages of holiness and deliverance of mind. The Buddha therefore says: "May you develop mental concentration, o monks; for who is mentally concentrated, sees things according to reality" (S. XXII, 5). And in Mil. it is said: "Just as when a lighted lamp is brought into a dark chamber, the lamp-light Will destroy the darkness and produce and spread the light, just so will insight, once arisen, destroy the darkness of ignorance and produce the light of knowledge."
Vis.M. III-XI gives full directions how to attain full concentration and the absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) by means of the following 40 meditation subjects (kammattha^na):
10 kasina-exercises (s. kasina). These produce the 4 absorptions
10 loathsome subjects (asubha, q.v.). These produce the 1st absorption.
10 recollections (anussati, q.v.): of the Buddha (buddha^nussati), the Doctrine (dhamma^nussati), the Brotherhood of the Noble Ones (sangha^nussati), morality, liberality, the heavenly beings, death (maranasati, q.v. ), the body (ka^yagata^sati, q.v.), in-and-outbreathing (a^na^pa^na-sati, q.v.) and peace (upasama^nussati, q.v.). Among these, the recollection (or mindfulness) of in-and-out breathing may produce all the 4 absorptions, that of the body the 1st absorption, the rest only neighbourhood-concentration (upaca^ra-sama^dhi, s. sama^dhi).
4 sublime abodes (brahma-viha^ra, q.v.): loving-kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, equanimity (metta^, karuna^, mudita^, upekkha^). Of these, the first 3 exercises may produce 3 absorptions, the last one the 4th absorption only.
4 immaterial spheres (arúpa^yatana, s. jha^na): of unbounded space, unbounded consciousness, nothingness, neither-perception-nor-non-perception. These are based upon the 4th absorption.
1 perception of the loathsomeness of food (a^ha^re patikkúla-san~n~a^), which may produce neighbourhood-concentration
1 analysis of the 4 elements (catudha^tu-vavattha^na, s. dha^tu-vavattha^na), which may produce neighbourhood-concentration.
Mental development forms one of the 3 kinds of meritorious action (pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu, q.v.). 'Delight in meditation' (bha^vana^-ra^mata^) is one of the noble usages (ariya-vamsa, q.v.) .
更多：https://www.chaxunjiao.com/

网友正在查: 道悟（郑州普照寺）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 晓莹（江西罗湖）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 禅惠（名山天宁寺）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 显嵩（巴川宣密院）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 法全（平江静济）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 道冲（临安径山）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 德富（保定兴圣寺）［《大明高僧传》卷第八］ , 净捡（晋竹林寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 安令首（伪赵建贤寺［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 智贤（司州西寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 妙相（弘农北岳）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 明感（康建福寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 昙备（北永安寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 慧湛（建福寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 僧基（延兴寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 道馨（洛阳城东寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 道容（新林寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 令宗（司州）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 支妙音（简静寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 道仪（何后寺）［《比丘尼传》卷一］ , 慧果（﹝宋﹞（景福寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 法盛（﹝宋﹞（建福寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 慧玉（﹝宋﹞（江陵牛牧寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 道琼（﹝宋﹞（建福寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 道寿（﹝宋﹞（江陵祇洹寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 玄藻（﹝宋﹞（吴太玄台寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 慧琼（﹝宋﹞（南安寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 普照（﹝宋﹞（南皮张国寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 慧木（﹝宋﹞（梁郡筑戈村寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ , 法胜（﹝宋﹞（吴县南寺）［《比丘尼传》卷二］ ,