佛学大辞典

'concentration'; lit. 'the (mental) state of being firmly fixed' (sam+a^+? ha^), is the fixing of the mind on a single object. "One-pointedness of mind (cittass' ekaggata^), Brother Visakha, this is called concentration" (M. 44). Concentration - though often very weak - is one of the 7 mental concomitants inseparably associated with all consciousness. Cf. na^ma, cetana^.
Right concentration (samma^-sama^dhi), as the last link of the 8-fold Path (s. magga), is defined as the 4 meditative absorptions (jha^na, q.v.). In a wider sense, comprising also much weaker states of concentration, it is associated with all karmically wholesome (kusala) consciousness. Wrong concentration (miccha^-sama^dhi) is concentration associated with all karmically unwholesome (akusala, q.v.) consciousness. Wherever in the texts this term is not differentiated by 'right' or 'wrong', there 'right' concentration is meant .
In concentration one distinguishes 3 grades of intensity:
(1) 'Preparatory concentration' (parikamma-sama^dhi) existing at the beginning of the mental exercise.
(2) 'Neighbourhood concentration' (upaca^ra-sama^dhi), i.e. concentration 'approaching' but not yet attaining the 1st absorption (jha^na, q.v.), which in certain mental exercises is marked by the appearance of the so-called 'counter-image' (patibha^ga-nimitta).
(3) 'Attainment concentration' (appana^-sama^dhi), i.e. that concentration which is present during the absorptions. (App.)
Further details, s. bha^vana, Vis.M. III and Fund. IV.
Concentration connected with the 4 noble path-moments (magga), and fruition-moments (phala), is called supermundane (lokuttara), having Nibba^na as object. Any other concentration, even that of the sublimest absorptions is merely mundane (lokiya, q.v.).
According to D. 33, the development of concentration (sama^dhi-bha^vana^) may procure a 4-fold blessing: (1) present happiness through the 4 absorptions; (2) knowledge and vision (n~a^na-dassana) - here probably identical with the 'divine eye' (s. abhin~n~a^) through perception of light (kasina); (3) mindfulness and clear comprehension through the clear knowledge of the arising, persisting and vanishing of feelings, perceptions and thoughts; (4) extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya) through understanding the arising and passing away of the 5 groups forming the objects of clinging (s. khandha).
Concentration is one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.), one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), and the last link of the 8-fold Path. In the 3-fold division of the 8-fold Path (morality, concentration and wisdom), it is a collective name for the three last links of the path (s. sikkha^).
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